Purpose: Managers are one of the important elements of an organization, for this reason, in order to draw the future of the organization, it is necessary for the planners to specify the conditions of their selection and appointment. Therefore, the current research has been done with the aim of identifying and analyzing the components of selecting future principals.Method: In this research, Comparative and benchmarking method is used as a prospective approach. This approach is based on the belief that today's advanced organizations/countries can be considered as a model for the future of another organization/countries in their respective subjects. For this, first, the fields of comparison and benchmarking were determined using Brody's four-step comparison method; then the countries of Canada, Finland, Australia, South Africa, and Japan were selected according to the qualitative balance value in the international advanced TEAMS test, human development index, life quality index(health, instruction, and welfare), education quality index, and other scientific-scholarly indexes; finally, by extracting the criteria for the selection and appointment of principals through content analysis and comparison with Iran, the proposed framework for Iran has been presented.Findings: A total of 61 components for the selection of secondary school principals were identified from among the studies conducted in the selected countries in this article. By extracting the commonalities and differences of each of the components among the countries, it was found that the highest index of manager selection and appointment belongs to Japan and the lowest one is related to Finland.Conclusion: There are similarities between the components of selection of principals of secondary schools in Iran and selected countries. In Iran, special attention should be paid to important components such as adherence to religious principles, appropriate personality traits, creativity and innovation, motivation to develop capabilities, professional growth, power of supervision and accountability, social image, leader skills, and purposefulness and foresight.

Automatic topic detection seems unavoidable in social media analysis due to big text data which their users generate. Clustering-based methods are one of the most important and up-to-date categories in topic detection. The goal of this research is to have a wide Study on this category. Therefore, this paper aims to Study the main components of clustering-based-topic-detection, which are embedding methods, distance metrics, and clustering algorithms. Transfer learning and consequently pretrained language models and word embeddings have been considered in recent years. Regarding the importance of embedding methods, the efficiency of five new embedding methods, from earlier to recent ones, are compared in this paper. To conduct our Study, two commonly used distance metrics, in addition to five important clustering algorithms in the field of topic detection, are implemented by the authors. As COVID-19 has turned into a hot trending topic on social networks in recent years, a dataset including one-month tweets collected with COVID-19-related hashtags is used for this Study. More than 7500 experiments are performed to determine tunable parameters. Then all combinations of embedding methods, distance metrics and clustering algorithms (50 combinations) are evaluated using Silhouette metric. Results show that T5 strongly outperforms other embedding methods, cosine distance is weakly better than other distance metrics, and DBSCAN is superior to other clustering algorithms.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a Comparative Study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Knowing the approaches of the commentators (the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran) of Quranic researching provides the basis for understanding, analyzing and criticizing their views and opinions, because tafsīr (Arabic: تفسیر, exegesis) texts are influenced by the commentator’s worldview and mental ideas, as well as a reflection of the cultural and social requirements of his era. One of the issues that has recently become a subject in the field of understanding and interpreting the Holy Book of Quran is the effect of gender element in the understanding of religious texts. Therefore, this research, using descriptive-analytical method in a Comparative context, has investigated the tendency, Fundamentals and exegetical methods of “Āmina Wadud” (Arabic: آمنة ودود) and “ʿĀʾisha Bint al-Shāṭi” (عائشة بِنت الشاطئ) two of the Quran researchers. The obtained results indicate that the interpretative tendency of Āmina Wadud is social, transsexual and justice-oriented. She has used the hermeneutic method and philosophical analysis in explaining the discourses of the Qur'an in this regard. The tendency of the fundamentals and methods in the Quranic understanding of Āmina Wadud in her social commentary leads her to Islamic rulings in the field of women in order to present a new and modern reading of them. But Bint al-Shāṭi’s exegesis tendency is theological literary in line with the Quran’s verbal inimitability (Arabic: الإِعجاز البیانیّ, Romanized: al-Iʾjāz) of the Holy Book of Quran. She is trying to put emphasis and style (the methods used in written language) on the verbal inimitability of the Holy Book of Quran by a linguistic point of view in line with the method of verbal exegesis.

A B S T R A C TSatisfaction is considered one of the effective methods for evaluating the success of urban development plans and projects, and it is a tool to measure which type of housing and residential environment meets the needs, expectations, and aspirations of residents. This article aims to compare Amiriyeh and Pay-eToop neighborhoods in Bojnord city in terms of residents' satisfaction with living in these neighborhoods. Using a questionnaire, the data was obtained by a survey from 229 heads of sample households living in Bojnoord city. The residents' satisfaction is analyzed by 26 indicators set as home and neighborhood indices. The data is entered into SPSS software to run the One Sample T-Test and calculate statistical parameters. Also, the data is entered in Arc GIS in accordance with the UTM coordinates of the responder's locations to provide a GIS point layer to use zoning maps to be drawn. Residential satisfaction is lower than average and slightly higher in Pay-eToop than in Amiriyeh. Also, the average score of the indicators that are set as home indices is lower than those for neighborhood indices. The zoning maps indicate that most parts of the neighborhoods show an average level of satisfaction with housing, and the maps of different indicators are not much different from each other. The role of physical indicators in low satisfaction is much more significant than social indicators. To improve satisfaction, paying attention to the neighborhood regeneration and improving the housing quality is necessaryExtended AbstractIntroductionSatisfactory housing is one of the most valuable aspects of life and one of the main elements of people's living standards. The higher the level of satisfaction with a place, the more people will feel a sense of belonging to that place and feel more relaxed about being there. The feeling of satisfaction from a place can cause the positive effects of the place in the process of relationships in which the environment is being formed and carried out. On the one hand, satisfaction measurement is considered one of the effective methods of evaluating the success of urban programs and plans. On the other hand, it is a tool to measure which type of housing and residential environment currently meets its residents' needs, expectations, and aspirations. MethodologyThe residents' satisfaction is analyzed by 26 indicators set as home and neighborhood indices. A questionnaire gathers the data. Household heads in the studied neighborhoods (Amirieh and Pay-e Toop) are randomly selected as 229 sample people. The sample people evaluate the items in the questionnaire in a 5-range of the Likert scale from very high to very low. The qualified range was then changed to quantified scores from 5 to 1. Afterward, they were entered into SPSS software to run the One Sample T-Test and calculate other statistical parameters. The address of each respondent is included in the questionnaires, and based on the address, the UTM coordinates of the respondent are determined using Google Earth. Then, the information from the questionnaires is entered into the GIS according to the coordinates to provide a GIS point layer for drawing zoning maps. Results and discussionThe score of 2.75, which is the average figure of the evaluation scores for all the indicators of both neighborhoods, indicates that residential satisfaction is lower than the assumed average score (3). The average scores are 2.90 and 2.57 for Pay-e Toop and Amirieh neighborhoods, respectively, and they indicate that the residential satisfaction in the first is slightly higher than the other. Pay-e Toop is the oldest neighborhood in Bojnoord, which accommodates the traditional complex of shops (Bazar) and essential physical elements of historical eras, such as the city's citadel. In addition to the high proportion of immigrants, it also includes deep-rooted and native families that have strong social relationships. Also, the average score for the neighborhood indices is slightly higher than for the home indices. The average figure for all 26 indicators is lower than the assumed average score (3) and indicates a lower residential satisfaction. Five indicators with the higher satisfaction score are as follows: relationship with neighbors, living in the ancestral neighborhood, the situation of streets and ways, living with relatives, and the quality of wastewater disposal. On the contrary, lower satisfaction scores belong to the indicators of access to shopping centers, healthcare service centers, the size of homes, and access to public transportation, respectively. Despite the fame of the gardens of Bojnord in previous centuries, in recent decades, most of the gardens disappeared, especially in the city's central business district, which corresponds to the two studied neighborhoods; there is a small area of land covered by parks and green spaces. Green spaces are mainly the small green strips on the edge or in the middle of the streets. For Amiriye and Pay-e Toop neighborhoods, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the respondents' education levels and their scores of residential satisfaction are -0.36 and -0.23, respectively. It implies that residential satisfaction has an inverse relationship with education. Also, the correlation coefficient between the residence length in the neighborhood and residential satisfaction scores are +.001 and -0.29, respectively (for Amirieh and Pay-e Toop neighborhoods). It also indicates no relation for the first neighborhood and an inverse relation for the other.The zoning map of all the indicators shows that in more than 90% of the neighborhood area, the level of satisfaction is in the medium range. In Amirieh, the parts with low satisfaction are scattered. It can be said that the northeastern edge of the Amirieh neighborhood and the southwestern edge of the Pay-e Toop neighborhood have lower satisfaction. ConclusionThe role of physical indicators in low satisfaction is much more significant than social indicators. The physical components of the neighborhoods caused a low level of satisfaction. On the contrary, higher satisfaction is revealed from the socio-cultural components. Households prefer the quality of services more than the availability of services. In medium-sized cities such as Bojnoord, neighborhood relations, closeness to relatives, and living in neighborhoods where the ancestors lived are still decisive in creating residential satisfaction. To improve life satisfaction, paying attention to housing quality and the regeneration of both neighborhoods is necessary. Also, improvement, retrofitting, enhancing the quality of the building, and improving the quality of urban services, especially healthcare services, public transportation, and commercial services, should be considered. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

مقدمه: شمار سالمندان و اهمیت ارتقای کیفیت زندگی آنها روندی صعودی پیش گرفته است. حرفه ی دندانپزشکی نیز مستلزم ارتقای دانش خود در زمینه ی مشکلات دندانی و کنترل آن ها در سالمندان است. امروزه توجه ویژه به دندانپزشکی سالمندان و تبحر لازم در این حوزه از الزامات تحصیل دندانپزشکی گشته است. لذا، مطالعه ی حاضر با هدف بررسی تطبیقی درس سالمندشناسی در برنامه ی درسی دوره ی دکترای عمومی دندانپزشکی در ایران و کشورهای منتخب انجام شده است. روش ها: مطالعه توصیفی-تطبیقی حاضر با نگاه موشکافانه به واحد سالمندشناسی در برنامه درسی ایران، به مقایسه آن در چهارچوب روش Bereday با کشورهای منتخب (ژاپن، هند، اسپانیا، آلمان، سوئیس، ایالات متحده آمریکا، کانادا، استرالیا و آفریقای جنوبی) پرداخته است. در این روش کلیه مباحث مرتبط با سالمندان در برنامه های درسی در چهار مرحله توصیف، تفسیر، همجواری و مقایسه مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته و در جداولی مستند شدند. نتایج: این واحد تحصیلی برای بسیاری از کشورهای اروپایی، آمریکایی و ژاپن ارزشمند است؛ آن­ها به تربیت دندانپزشکانی با آموزش پیشرفته در دندانپزشکی سالمندان می پردازند. اطلاعات گردآوری شده نشان داد که برخی از مباحث سالمندشناسی از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردارند؛ به طوری که با وجود تفاوت در سیاست گذاری ها در اکثریت برنامه های درسی بررسی شده، گنجانده شده اند. به عنوان مثال می‎توان به مباحث مرتبط با بیماری های سیستمیک، فارماکولوژی، درمان های پروتزی و برقراری ارتباط با بیماران سالمند اشاره کرد. نتیجه گیری: سالمندشناسی در کلیه­ی برنامه های درسی گنجانده شده­است و اهمیت مباحث آن در تمامی کشورها مورد توجه بوده است؛ حال آن­که جزئیات مباحث و شیوه­ی آموزشی متفاوت است که می تواند دلایل گوناگونی داشته باشد.

خشونت در مدارس مشکلی است که عوارض آن نه تنها در بعد زمان و مکانی خاص سلامت جسمی، روانی، اجتماعی و معنوی کودکان و نوجوانان را به خطر می اندازد بلکه، عواقب آن نسلهای آتی، کل جامعه و توسعه ملی را نیز تهدید می کند بدین لحاظ مطالعه عمیق و همه جانبه در زمینه پیشگیری از خشونت در مدارس امری مبرم و ضروری است.در مطالعه تطبیقی حاضر پس از بررسی کل مطالب گردآوری شده با توجه به مبانی نظری و ملاحظات فرهنگی - اخلاقی در مرحله اول بیش از 50 مقاله انتخاب شدند که پس از مطالعه مجدد در مرحله دوم بر اساس اعتبار علمی 7 مجموعه مرتبط با موضوع "پیشگیری از خشونت در مدارس" از منابعی چونUNESCO ،ERIC ،RPPI ،WHO ، ASCD (از سال 1996 تا آگوست سال1999 ) تحت بررسی مقایسه ای قرار گرفتند. در خصوص منابع داخلی متاسفانه علی رغم جستجوی فراوان مطالبی مستقیما مرتبط با عنوان مورد مطالعه یافت نشد. اما سعی بر آن بوده که جمع بندی هر چند کوتاه از پژوهشهای داخلی نسبتا مرتبط نیز بعمل آید.در نتایج پژوهش علاوه بر تعاریف، عوامل بروز و عواقب خشونت در مدارس بر "راههای پیشگیری از خشونت در مدارس" تاکید خاص میشود. در اینجا به طور کلی سه استراتژی اصلی مورد بحث قرار می گیرند:1- برقراری تدابیر انضباطی و مقررات در مدارس2- استفاده از برنامه های آموزشی و برنامه های درسی در مدارس3- مشارکت و همکاری جامعهآنچه در جمع بندی نهایی می توان گفت، اهمیت بررسی و دقیق و کاربرد مناسب هر یک از استراتژیها با توجه به ارزیابی وضعیت موجود و شرایط خاص است ولی به هر حال توصیه نهایی تدوین برنامه ای جامعه و ادغام یافته است که علاوه بر تامین امکانات اجرائی لازم است مستمرا مورد ارزیابی دقیق قرار گیرد.

1در این جستار، پدیدۀ استعمار در رمان بادبادک باز، نوشتۀ خالد حسینی و بیوتن، اثر رضا امیرخانی از منظر مطالعۀ تطبیقی ادبیات موردبررسی قرار گرفت. این دو رمان که برخاسته از فرهنگ شرق هستند یک نقطۀ اتصال قوی دارند و آن، امتداد زندگی شخص اول کتاب، امیر و ارمیا، در غرب (امریکا) است. مهاجرت به امریکا برای هر دوی آنها، مهاجرتی اجباری است که طی آن، نویسنده به پدیدۀ استعمار و مظاهر آن می پردازد.  همبستگی فرهنگی این آثار و شکل گیری آنها در خط سیری موازی، سبب بروز مؤلفه های همسان و به تبع آن، انتخاب این دو اثر برای تطبیق شد. در این پژوهش که به شیوۀ توصیفی-تحلیلی و به روش کتابخانه ای و سند کاوی انجام شده است با مطالعۀ تطبیقی و مقایسه ای دو اثر، مهاجرت قهرمان از وطن که با نوعی از خود بیگانگی همراه است و نقش استعمار در ایجاد این الیناسیون مورد بحث واقع شد. هدف این پژوهش آن است که از رهگذر خوانش تطبیقی پدیدۀ استعمار، دریافت تازه ای از مفاهیم و ریشه های شکل گیری آثار ارائه بدهد. در پژوهش پیش رو، پدیدۀ استعمار در این دو رمان، از منظر مطالعۀ تطبیقی ادبیات، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و هشت مؤلفۀ اصلی و دو مؤلفۀ فرعیِ مربوط به آن، توصیف و تحلیل شد که عبارتند از: سفر شخصیت از شرق به غرب، وطن (ریشۀ عمیق شخصیت اصلی رمان در وطن)، حضور عنصر یاریگر (کشتۀ استعمار)، نوستالژی، فرهنگ (پاکدامنی شخصیت)، وجهۀ دوگانۀ مذهب، الیناسیون و نفی سرمایه داری.

Purpose: The science of interpretation, as the most important science responsible for understanding the Qur'an, needs to be methodized and updated so that the teachings of the Qur'an can be used easily for all classes of people. In the present Study, the meaning of "future research in interpretation" is the ability to create desirable models for more efficient interpretation in the future, by using scientific tools, creativity and relying on the foundations and rules of interpretation and compensating the damages of interpretation in the past.Method: This research, with descriptive analytical method, answers the question, what are the fields and requirements of future research in interpretation? Findings: The results of the current research are based on the fact that special attention to the Qur'an, as the most important source of interpretation, rationality and methodical consideration in interpretation, attention to the prerequisites of interpretation, interpretation based on the requirements of the time, the need to pay attention to thematic interpretation, Studying on the history of interpretation and observing the manners and conditions of interpretation are one of the most important requirements of interpretation in the future. Results: Considering the developments that will take place in the field of knowledge, methods and expectations from science in the future, the interpretation will also change. For this reason, in order not to cause various damages to the interpretation of the Qur'an, it is necessary to pay attention to the various contexts, principles and requirements of the interpretation of the Qur'anic commentators and scholars.